Fingerprint Scanners:-How does it Work?,Types?


Today we are able to see fingerprint scanners in almost every smartphone.These fingerprint scanners play a vital role in securing our phones.We also use fingerprint scanners to capture biometric data for various ID proofs.So let's have a look at how does a Fingerprint scanner work?

 There are different types of Fingerprint Scanners at are available in the market and are used in various devices let's have a look at the different types of fingerprint scanners.

 1.Optical Scanners
Optical Scanners are the oldest method of capturing fingerprints.As the name suggest they rely on capturing an optical image of the finger ,essentially a photograph and using algorithms to detect unique patterns on the surface like ridges or unique marks on the finger or by analysing lighter or darker areas of our finger.

 The main problem in this technique is that they are easy to fool as it is just an 2D image and can be recreated easily.

2.Capacitive Scanners

 Here Instead of creating a traditional image of a fingerprint, capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows them to be used to track the details of a fingerprint. The charge stored in the capacitor will be changed slightly when a finger’s ridge is placed over the conductive plates, while an air gap will leave the charge at the capacitor relatively unchanged. An op-amp integrator circuit is used to track these changes, which can then be recorded by an analogue-to-digital converter.More capacitors result in a higher resolution of the scanner.These scanners are hard to fool.These scanners are little more pricey as they have a complex circuit.These are seen in flagship phones like Samsung Galaxy S8,iphone 6,6S etc.

3.Ultrasonic Scanners
To actually capture the details of a fingerprint, the hardware consists of both an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver. An ultrasonic pulse is transmitted against the finger that is placed over the scanner. Some of this pulse is absorbed and some of it is bounced back to the sensor, depending upon the ridges, pores and other details that are unique to each fingerprint.

 4.Under Display Fingerprint Scanners 
This is implemented by using the combination of Ultrasonic Scanners and Optical Scanners as soon as the finger is placed an optical image is captured using the light that is illuminated on the finger as well as at the same time a transmitter also sends pulses to accurately map the fingerprint.This proves beneficial for the manufactures as it helps in implementing bezel less phones which do not have a space for the fingerprint.We see this Technology in phones like Vivo Nex,Oneplus 6T ,Vivo V11 Pro and many others like the recent Huwaei Mate 20

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