Image Signal Processor(ISP) Explained



The Image Signal Processor is at the core of any camera system present in modern systems that we use in our day to day life like Smartphones. So in this article let's understand the role of an Image Signal Processor and it's working.

What is Image Signal Processor?

An Image Signal Processor also known as Image processing Engine is a type of media processor specially used for Image processing in Digital Cameras and Smartphones. It can perform a range of image processing task. The ISP is usually integrated on to the  System on Chip(SoC).


Functions & Working of Image Signal Processor(ISP)

Bayer Transformation
The photodiodes employed in a camera sensor are color-blind, they only record shades of grey. To get color into the picture they are covered with different color filters i.e. Red, Blue, Green(RGB) according to the pattern designated by the Bayer Filter. As each photodiode record color information for exactly one pixel of an image, without an image processor, there would be a green pixel next to each red and blue pixel. Thus ISP is crucial in the color reproduction of the Image that we click.

Demosaicing
The image processor evaluates the color and brightness data of a given pixel, compares them with the data from neighboring pixels and then uses a demosaicing algorithm to produce an appropriate color and brightness value for the pixel. The image processor also assesses the whole picture to guess at the correct distribution of contrast.

Noise Reduction
The image processor attempts to separate the noise from the image information and to remove it. This can be quite a challenge, as the image may contain areas with fine textures which, if treated as noise, may lose some of their definition.

Image Sharpening
To preserve the impression of depth, clarity and fine details, the image processor must sharpen edges and contours. It, therefore, must detect edges correctly and reproduce them smoothly and without over-sharpening.

3A's of Photography
The ISP also helps in things like Auto Focus, Auto Exposure, Auto White Balance.

Encoding
An important part of any Image or Video that we see is the way it is Encoded into the File. The ISP will usually request a center crop or subsample from the camera sensor, depending on the capabilities of the sensor. The encoder takes these images and compresses them into a format and bitrate of the OEM or user’s choice.


Other Imp Functions of ISP
The Image Signal Processor also helps in Tasks Like Improving The High Dynamic Range(HDR). The ISP can also help in Lens Imperfections & Distortions to smoothen up the Image.

In this Way, the ISP is a crucial part of the Digital Imaging System. With Improvements in ISP, Image Quality has improved every year.

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Location: Maharashtra, India

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